Self-renewing resident arterial macrophages arise from embryonic CX3CR1(+) precursors and circulating monocytes immediately after birth.
07.12.2015 Ensan S, Li A, Besla R, Degousee N, Cosme J, Roufaiel M, Shikatani EA, El-Maklizi M, Williams JW, Robins L, Li C, Lewis B, Yun TJ, Lee JS, Wieghofer P, Khattar R, Farrokhi K, Byrne J, Ouzounian M, Zavitz CC, Levy GA, Bauer CM, Libby P, Husain M, Swirski FK, Cheong C, Prinz M, Hilgendorf I, Randolph GJ, Epelman S, Gramolini AO, Cybulsky MI, Rubin BB, Robbins CS. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(2):159-68. During autoimmune inflammation of the CNS (e.g. in the murine EAE model of multiple sclerosis) recruited Ly-6Chi monocytes are critical disease effectors that shape tissue damage such as demyelination, axonal damage and the influx of encephalitogenic CD4 cells that makes them an important therapeutic target in neuroinflammation . However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations remained unclear. Shaked, Hanna et al. demonstrate that in the context of neuroinflammation the nuclear receptor Nr4a1 can regulate norepinephrine production and the ensuing neuroinflammatory cascade in the mouse EAE model. 